Zogulitsa
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Masensa a CS6710C Fluoride Ion Electrode Rs485 Modbus 4-20ma
Fluoride Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) ndi sensa yapadera kwambiri komanso yodalirika ya electrochemical yopangidwira kuyeza mwachindunji potentiometric ya ntchito ya fluoride ion (F⁻) mu mayankho amadzi. Imadziwika ndi kusankha kwake kwapadera ndipo ndi chida chodziwika bwino mu chemistry yowunikira, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe, kuwongolera njira zamafakitale, komanso thanzi la anthu, makamaka pokonza bwino fluoridation m'madzi akumwa.
Pakati pa elekitirodi ndi nembanemba yozindikira ya solid-state yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi kristalo imodzi ya lanthanum fluoride (LaF₃). Akakumana ndi yankho, ma ion a fluoride ochokera mu chitsanzo amalumikizana ndi lattice ya kristalo, ndikupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yoyezeka kudutsa nembanemba. Mphamvu iyi, yoyesedwa motsutsana ndi elekitirodi yamkati, imakhala yofanana ndi ntchito ya ion ya fluoride malinga ndi Nernst equation. Chofunika kwambiri pakuyeza molondola ndikuwonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB). Yankho ili limagwira ntchito zitatu zofunika: limasunga pH yokhazikika (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 5-6), limakonza maziko a ionic kuti lipewe zotsatira za matrix, ndipo lili ndi zinthu zomangira kuti zitulutse ma ion a fluoride omangiriridwa ndi ma cations osokoneza monga aluminiyamu (Al³⁺) kapena chitsulo (Fe³⁺).
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Sensor ya Fluoride Ion ya Paintaneti Yoyezera Ubwino CS6510A-K9 OEM Yosinthika
Fluoride Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) ndi sensa yapadera kwambiri komanso yodalirika ya electrochemical yopangidwira kuyeza mwachindunji potentiometric ya ntchito ya fluoride ion (F⁻) mu mayankho amadzi. Imadziwika ndi kusankha kwake kwapadera ndipo ndi chida chodziwika bwino mu chemistry yowunikira, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe, kuwongolera njira zamafakitale, komanso thanzi la anthu, makamaka pokonza bwino fluoridation m'madzi akumwa.
Pakati pa elekitirodi ndi nembanemba yozindikira ya solid-state yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi kristalo imodzi ya lanthanum fluoride (LaF₃). Akakumana ndi yankho, ma ion a fluoride ochokera mu chitsanzo amalumikizana ndi lattice ya kristalo, ndikupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yoyezeka kudutsa nembanemba. Mphamvu iyi, yoyesedwa motsutsana ndi elekitirodi yamkati, imakhala yofanana ndi ntchito ya ion ya fluoride malinga ndi Nernst equation. Chofunika kwambiri pakuyeza molondola ndikuwonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB). Yankho ili limagwira ntchito zitatu zofunika: limasunga pH yokhazikika (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 5-6), limakonza maziko a ionic kuti lipewe zotsatira za matrix, ndipo lili ndi zinthu zomangira kuti zitulutse ma ion a fluoride omangiriridwa ndi ma cations osokoneza monga aluminiyamu (Al³⁺) kapena chitsulo (Fe³⁺).
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Masensa a CS6510A-S8 Fluoride Ion Electrode Rs485 Modbus 4-20ma
Fluoride Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) ndi sensa yapadera kwambiri komanso yodalirika ya electrochemical yopangidwira kuyeza mwachindunji potentiometric ya ntchito ya fluoride ion (F⁻) mu mayankho amadzi. Imadziwika ndi kusankha kwake kwapadera ndipo ndi chida chodziwika bwino mu chemistry yowunikira, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe, kuwongolera njira zamafakitale, komanso thanzi la anthu, makamaka pokonza bwino fluoridation m'madzi akumwa.
Pakati pa elekitirodi ndi nembanemba yozindikira ya solid-state yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi kristalo imodzi ya lanthanum fluoride (LaF₃). Akakumana ndi yankho, ma ion a fluoride ochokera mu chitsanzo amalumikizana ndi lattice ya kristalo, ndikupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yoyezeka kudutsa nembanemba. Mphamvu iyi, yoyesedwa motsutsana ndi elekitirodi yamkati, imakhala yofanana ndi ntchito ya ion ya fluoride malinga ndi Nernst equation. Chofunika kwambiri pakuyeza molondola ndikuwonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB). Yankho ili limagwira ntchito zitatu zofunika: limasunga pH yokhazikika (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 5-6), limakonza maziko a ionic kuti lipewe zotsatira za matrix, ndipo lili ndi zinthu zomangira kuti zitulutse ma ion a fluoride omangiriridwa ndi ma cations osokoneza monga aluminiyamu (Al³⁺) kapena chitsulo (Fe³⁺).
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Sensor ya Ion ya RS485 ya Zimbudzi ya Fluoride CS6510A Fluoride Ion Electrode
Fluoride Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) ndi sensa yapadera kwambiri komanso yodalirika ya electrochemical yopangidwira kuyeza mwachindunji potentiometric ya ntchito ya fluoride ion (F⁻) mu mayankho amadzi. Imadziwika ndi kusankha kwake kwapadera ndipo ndi chida chodziwika bwino mu chemistry yowunikira, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe, kuwongolera njira zamafakitale, komanso thanzi la anthu, makamaka pokonza bwino fluoridation m'madzi akumwa.
Pakati pa elekitirodi ndi nembanemba yozindikira ya solid-state yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi kristalo imodzi ya lanthanum fluoride (LaF₃). Akakumana ndi yankho, ma ion a fluoride ochokera mu chitsanzo amalumikizana ndi lattice ya kristalo, ndikupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yoyezeka kudutsa nembanemba. Mphamvu iyi, yoyesedwa motsutsana ndi elekitirodi yamkati, imakhala yofanana ndi ntchito ya ion ya fluoride malinga ndi Nernst equation. Chofunika kwambiri pakuyeza molondola ndikuwonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB). Yankho ili limagwira ntchito zitatu zofunika: limasunga pH yokhazikika (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 5-6), limakonza maziko a ionic kuti lipewe zotsatira za matrix, ndipo lili ndi zinthu zomangira kuti zitulutse ma ion a fluoride omangiriridwa ndi ma cations osokoneza monga aluminiyamu (Al³⁺) kapena chitsulo (Fe³⁺).
Ubwino waukulu wa fluoride electrode ndi kusankha kwake bwino kwambiri kuposa ma anion ena wamba, mphamvu zake zambiri (nthawi zambiri kuyambira 10⁻⁶ M mpaka mayankho okhuta), yankho lachangu, moyo wautali, komanso mtengo wotsika wogwirira ntchito. Imalola kusanthula mwachangu popanda kukonzekera zitsanzo zovuta kapena ma reagents a colorimetric. Kaya imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mita zonyamulika poyesa kumunda, ma laboratory benchtop analyzers, kapena yophatikizidwa mu machitidwe owunikira pa intaneti, fluoride ISE ikadali njira yosankhira kuchuluka kwa fluoride kolondola, kogwira mtima, komanso kosalekeza.
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CS6710A Fluoride Ion Electrod Online Digital F-Cl- Ca2+ NO3- NH4+ K+ Kulimba
Fluoride Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) ndi sensa yapadera kwambiri komanso yodalirika ya electrochemical yopangidwira kuyeza mwachindunji potentiometric ya ntchito ya fluoride ion (F⁻) mu mayankho amadzi. Imadziwika ndi kusankha kwake kwapadera ndipo ndi chida chodziwika bwino mu chemistry yowunikira, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe, kuwongolera njira zamafakitale, komanso thanzi la anthu, makamaka pokonza bwino fluoridation m'madzi akumwa.
Pakati pa elekitirodi ndi nembanemba yozindikira ya solid-state yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi kristalo imodzi ya lanthanum fluoride (LaF₃). Akakumana ndi yankho, ma ion a fluoride ochokera mu chitsanzo amalumikizana ndi lattice ya kristalo, ndikupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yoyezeka kudutsa nembanemba. Mphamvu iyi, yoyesedwa motsutsana ndi elekitirodi yamkati, imakhala yofanana ndi ntchito ya ion ya fluoride malinga ndi Nernst equation. Chofunika kwambiri pakuyeza molondola ndikuwonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB). Yankho ili limagwira ntchito zitatu zofunika: limasunga pH yokhazikika (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 5-6), limakonza maziko a ionic kuti lipewe zotsatira za matrix, ndipo lili ndi zinthu zomangira kuti zitulutse ma ion a fluoride omangiriridwa ndi ma cations osokoneza monga aluminiyamu (Al³⁺) kapena chitsulo (Fe³⁺).
Ubwino waukulu wa fluoride electrode ndi kusankha kwake bwino kwambiri kuposa ma anion ena wamba, mphamvu zake zambiri (nthawi zambiri kuyambira 10⁻⁶ M mpaka mayankho okhuta), yankho lachangu, moyo wautali, komanso mtengo wotsika wogwirira ntchito. Imalola kusanthula mwachangu popanda kukonzekera zitsanzo zovuta kapena ma reagents a colorimetric. Kaya imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mita zonyamulika poyesa kumunda, ma laboratory benchtop analyzers, kapena yophatikizidwa mu machitidwe owunikira pa intaneti, fluoride ISE ikadali njira yosankhira kuchuluka kwa fluoride kolondola, kogwira mtima, komanso kosalekeza.
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W8588F Fluoride Ion Monitor Online Chida Chothandizira Kusintha kwa OEM
Chowunikira cha ma ion chapaintaneti cha mafakitale ndi chida chowunikira komanso chowongolera khalidwe la madzi pogwiritsa ntchito microprocessor. Chokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma electrode a ma ion, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale amphamvu, petrochemicals, metallurgy ndi zamagetsi, migodi, kupanga mapepala, bioprocessing, mankhwala, chakudya ndi zakumwa, komanso kukonza madzi m'malo ozungulira. Chimayang'anira ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ma ion m'madzi amadzi.
Pakati pa chowunikiracho ndi fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE), yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala sensa yolimba yopangidwa kuchokera ku kristalo ya lanthanum fluoride. Nembanemba iyi imasankha ma fluoride ions, ndikupanga kusiyana komwe kungachitike molingana ndi ntchito yawo mu chitsanzo. Dongosolo loyezera lophatikizidwa limadziyendetsa lokha kuzungulira konse kosanthula: limakoka chitsanzo, limawonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB)—yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa pH, kukonza mphamvu ya ionic, ndikutulutsa ma fluoride ions omangiriridwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena chitsulo—ndipo imachita muyeso wa potentiometric ndi kuwerengera deta. -
W8088F Fluoride Ion Monitor
Chowunikira cha ma ion chapaintaneti cha mafakitale ndi chida chowunikira komanso chowongolera khalidwe la madzi pogwiritsa ntchito microprocessor. Chokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma electrode a ma ion, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale amphamvu, petrochemicals, metallurgy ndi zamagetsi, migodi, kupanga mapepala, bioprocessing, mankhwala, chakudya ndi zakumwa, komanso kukonza madzi m'malo ozungulira. Chimayang'anira ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ma ion m'madzi amadzi.
Pakati pa chowunikiracho ndi fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE), yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala sensa yolimba yopangidwa kuchokera ku kristalo ya lanthanum fluoride. Nembanemba iyi imasankha ma fluoride ions, ndikupanga kusiyana komwe kungachitike molingana ndi ntchito yawo mu chitsanzo. Dongosolo loyezera lophatikizidwa limadziyendetsa lokha kuzungulira konse kosanthula: limakoka chitsanzo, limawonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB)—yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa pH, kukonza mphamvu ya ionic, ndikutulutsa ma fluoride ions omangiriridwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena chitsulo—ndipo imachita muyeso wa potentiometric ndi kuwerengera deta. -
W8288F Fluoride Ion Monitor
Fluoride Ion Monitor ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri chowunikira pa intaneti chomwe chapangidwira kuyeza nthawi zonse kuchuluka kwa fluoride ion (F⁻) m'madzi. Chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa thanzi la anthu, kuwongolera njira zamafakitale, komanso kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kofunikira kwambiri ndikuwunika molondola komanso kupereka mlingo wa fluoride m'madzi akumwa m'matauni, komwe kumafunika fluoride yoyenera kuti thanzi la mano litetezeke. Ndikofunikiranso m'mafakitale, monga kupanga ma semiconductor, electroplating, ndi kupanga feteleza, komwe kuchuluka kwa fluoride kuyenera kulamulidwa mosamala kuti ntchito iyende bwino komanso kupewa dzimbiri la zida kapena kuphwanya malamulo okhudza chilengedwe.
Pakati pa chowunikiracho ndi fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE), yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala sensa yolimba yopangidwa kuchokera ku kristalo ya lanthanum fluoride. Nembanemba iyi imasankha ma fluoride ions, ndikupanga kusiyana komwe kungachitike molingana ndi ntchito yawo mu chitsanzo. Dongosolo loyezera lophatikizidwa limadziyendetsa lokha kuzungulira konse kosanthula: limakoka chitsanzo, limawonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB)—yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa pH, kukonza mphamvu ya ionic, ndikutulutsa ma fluoride ions omangiriridwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena chitsulo—ndipo imachita muyeso wa potentiometric ndi kuwerengera deta. -
T6510F Fluoride Ion Monitor
Fluoride Ion Monitor ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri chowunikira pa intaneti chomwe chapangidwira kuyeza nthawi zonse kuchuluka kwa fluoride ion (F⁻) m'madzi. Chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa thanzi la anthu, kuwongolera njira zamafakitale, komanso kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kofunikira kwambiri ndikuwunika molondola komanso kupereka mlingo wa fluoride m'madzi akumwa m'matauni, komwe kumafunika fluoride yoyenera kuti thanzi la mano litetezeke. Ndikofunikiranso m'mafakitale, monga kupanga ma semiconductor, electroplating, ndi kupanga feteleza, komwe kuchuluka kwa fluoride kuyenera kulamulidwa mosamala kuti ntchito iyende bwino komanso kupewa dzimbiri la zida kapena kuphwanya malamulo okhudza chilengedwe.
Pakati pa chowunikiracho ndi fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE), yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala sensa yolimba yopangidwa kuchokera ku kristalo ya lanthanum fluoride. Nembanemba iyi imasankha ma fluoride ions, ndikupanga kusiyana komwe kungachitike molingana ndi ntchito yawo mu chitsanzo. Dongosolo loyezera lophatikizidwa limadziyendetsa lokha kuzungulira konse kosanthula: limakoka chitsanzo, limawonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB)—yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa pH, kukonza mphamvu ya ionic, ndikutulutsa ma fluoride ions omangiriridwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena chitsulo—ndipo imachita muyeso wa potentiometric ndi kuwerengera deta. -
T6010F Fluoride Ion Monitor
Fluoride Ion Monitor ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri chowunikira pa intaneti chomwe chapangidwira kuyeza nthawi zonse kuchuluka kwa fluoride ion (F⁻) m'madzi. Chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa thanzi la anthu, kuwongolera njira zamafakitale, komanso kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kofunikira kwambiri ndikuwunika molondola komanso kupereka mlingo wa fluoride m'madzi akumwa m'matauni, komwe kumafunika fluoride yoyenera kuti thanzi la mano litetezeke. Ndikofunikiranso m'mafakitale, monga kupanga ma semiconductor, electroplating, ndi kupanga feteleza, komwe kuchuluka kwa fluoride kuyenera kulamulidwa mosamala kuti ntchito iyende bwino komanso kupewa dzimbiri la zida kapena kuphwanya malamulo okhudza chilengedwe.
Pakati pa chowunikiracho ndi fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE), yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala sensa yolimba yopangidwa kuchokera ku kristalo ya lanthanum fluoride. Nembanemba iyi imasankha ma fluoride ions, ndikupanga kusiyana komwe kungachitike molingana ndi ntchito yawo mu chitsanzo. Dongosolo loyezera lophatikizidwa limadziyendetsa lokha kuzungulira konse kosanthula: limakoka chitsanzo, limawonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB)—yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa pH, kukonza mphamvu ya ionic, ndikutulutsa ma fluoride ions omangiriridwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena chitsulo—ndipo imachita muyeso wa potentiometric ndi kuwerengera deta.
Ubwino waukulu wa Fluoride Ion Monitor ndi kuthekera kwake kogwira ntchito popanda kuyang'aniridwa, kugwira ntchito maola 24 pa tsiku, kupereka mayankho mwachangu pa mlingo wa mankhwala odzipangira okha, komanso deta yodalirika ya nthawi yayitali yofotokozera malamulo. Machitidwe amakono ali ndi njira zodziyeretsera okha, kuwerengera kokha, ndi ntchito zochenjeza kuti adziwitse ogwiritsa ntchito za kusiyana kulikonse kuchokera pamalo omwe alipo. Mwa kuonetsetsa kuti fluoride ili ndi fluoride yolondola komanso yokhazikika, chida ichi chimateteza thanzi la anthu, chimakonza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, komanso chimathandiza mafakitale kukhala otetezeka pantchito komanso kusamalira chilengedwe.
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Masensa a Electrode a CS6510C Fluoride Ion Rs485
Fluoride Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) ndi sensa yapadera kwambiri komanso yodalirika ya electrochemical yopangidwira kuyeza mwachindunji potentiometric ya ntchito ya fluoride ion (F⁻) mu mayankho amadzi. Imadziwika ndi kusankha kwake kwapadera ndipo ndi chida chodziwika bwino mu chemistry yowunikira, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe, kuwongolera njira zamafakitale, komanso thanzi la anthu, makamaka pokonza bwino fluoridation m'madzi akumwa.
Pakati pa elekitirodi ndi nembanemba yozindikira ya solid-state yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi kristalo imodzi ya lanthanum fluoride (LaF₃). Akakumana ndi yankho, ma ion a fluoride ochokera mu chitsanzo amalumikizana ndi lattice ya kristalo, ndikupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yoyezeka kudutsa nembanemba. Mphamvu iyi, yoyesedwa motsutsana ndi elekitirodi yamkati, imakhala yofanana ndi ntchito ya ion ya fluoride malinga ndi Nernst equation. Chofunika kwambiri pakuyeza molondola ndikuwonjezera Total Ionic Strength Adjustment Buffer (TISAB). Yankho ili limagwira ntchito zitatu zofunika: limasunga pH yokhazikika (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 5-6), limakonza maziko a ionic kuti lipewe zotsatira za matrix, ndipo lili ndi zinthu zomangira kuti zitulutse ma ion a fluoride omangiriridwa ndi ma cations osokoneza monga aluminiyamu (Al³⁺) kapena chitsulo (Fe³⁺).
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CS6512A Potassium Ion (K⁺) Electrode
Mtundu: PVC Membrane Ion-Selective Electrode Muyeso wa Kuyeza: 0.04-39000mg/LpH Range:2 – 12 pH Temperature Range:0 – 50 °CP Kukana kwa Kupanikizika: Osapanikizika Sensor Yophatikizana ya Kutentha: Palibe Nyumba Zipangizo: EP (Pulasitiki ya Uinjiniya) Ulusi Wolumikizira:PG13.5 Utali wa Chingwe:5m muyezo (Utali wopangidwa mwamakonda ulipo) Kuthetsa Chingwe: Muyezo wa malekezero a m'tini (Malekezero opangidwa mwamakonda akupezeka) -
W8587S Ammonia Nayitrogeni Monitor
Chowunikira cha Ammonia Nayitrogeni cha pa Intaneti ndi chida chowunikira ndi kulamulira khalidwe la madzi pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito microprocessor. Chokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma electrode a ion, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale amphamvu, zamagetsi achitsulo, kupanga mapepala, kukonza zinthu m'thupi, mankhwala, chakudya ndi zakumwa, komanso kukonza madzi m'malo ozungulira. Chimayang'anira ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ayoni m'madzi amadzi. -
Madzi a Pampopi Chowunikira Ubwino wa Madzi Paintaneti T9050
Chiwonetsero chachikulu cha LCD cha mtundu wa LCD
Kugwira ntchito kwa menyu mwanzeru
Kujambula deta ndi kuwonetsa kozungulira
Kubwezera kutentha kwamanja kapena kokhazikika
Magulu atatu a ma switch owongolera obwerezabwereza
Malire apamwamba, malire otsika, kuwongolera hysteresis
4-20ma & RS485 mitundu yotulutsa yambiri
Mtengo wofanana wowonetsera mawonekedwe, kutentha, mtengo wamakono, ndi zina zotero
Chitetezo cha mawu achinsinsi kuti tipewe kugwira ntchito kwa zolakwika zomwe si za ogwira ntchito -
T4010F Fluoride Ion Monitor
Industrial Online Ion Monitor ndi chida chowunikira komanso chowongolera khalidwe la madzi pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito microprocessor. Chokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma electrode a ion, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale amphamvu, petrochemicals, metallurgy ndi zamagetsi, migodi, kupanga mapepala, bioprocessing, mankhwala, chakudya ndi zakumwa, komanso kukonza madzi m'malo ozungulira. Chimayang'anira ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ma ion m'madzi amadzi. Chowunikira ma ion pa intaneti cha mafakitale ndi chida chowunikira komanso chowongolera khalidwe la madzi pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito microprocessor. Chokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma electrode osankha ma ion, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale amphamvu, petrochemicals, metallurgy, zamagetsi, migodi, kupanga mapepala, bio-fermentation engineering, mankhwala, chakudya ndi zakumwa, komanso kukonza madzi m'malo ozungulira. Chimalola kuyang'anira ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ma ion m'madzi amadzi.x